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Relations between RMS voltage and peak-to-peak voltageThe illustration below shows that the wall socket voltage is actually 120 V and "formally" the peak-to-peak voltage is 339.36 V. You can see this value on your oscilloscope in the automatic measurements mode with Vpp mode ON.
However in reality, there are no such values in a wall outlet. This is due to the fact that there is one Hot (Line) wire in the wall socket, and the second is Neutral, relative to which the Hot (Line) voltage changes. Thus, only Vmax can be on the Hot (Line) wire: +169.68 V or –169.68 V. Obviously, these values change with a frequency of 60 Hz. Some common multimeters, for example AKTAKOM AM-1060 DMM and those with Peak or Min/Max mode can show close Vmax values. But keep in mind that these multimeters operate slower than 60 Hz and therefore the displayed values are approximate.
120V / 120V Peak(-) / 120V Peak(+) Frequently Asked QuestionsHow do you convert peak voltage to RMS voltage for a sine wave? To convert peak voltage (Vp) to Root Mean Square voltage (VRMS) for a pure, undistorted sinusoidal wave, multiply the peak value by the mathematical constant 0.7071 (which is 1 / √2). If you need to go backward from a standard US 120 VRMS wall outlet to find the peak voltage, multiply by 1.4142 (√2), which yields roughly 170 Vpeak.
What does RMS voltage physically represent in alternating current engineering? RMS stands for Root Mean Square. It represents the equivalent DC voltage required to produce the exact same amount of thermal heat dissipation across an identical resistive load. For example, an AC heating element driven by 120 VRMS generates the identical thermal energy and temperature rise as a steady 120 V Direct Current (DC) battery bank source.
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